Response to On Being An Atheist by H. J. McCloskey

McCloskey in his article, On Being An Atheist claims that proofs or arguments which theists provide to support their belief â€Å"have no weight†. He speaks of this primarily in relation to the ontological argument, the argument which attempts to show that the very concept of God implies his reality. McCloskey believes that there is no point in debating on this particular proof because it has no bearing but the ontological argument serves as the very foundation for other arguments which supports and defends God’s existence. If not for the purpose of proving His existence, the ontological argument is still necessary because it distinguishes the characteristics of God whom we are defending. The first rule of philosophical discourse is clarity†¦show more content†¦Evolution is the development of life and aims to answer how diversity is possible here on earth. It provides scientific reasons on why we see similarities amongst creatures under the same species but i s has in no way stated that God does not exist because of this. So it is very wrong to assume that the evolution contradicts design actually it further supports design. Evolution believes that inside every living creature lies a genetic code, DNA structure which contains the genetic make-up of things. This has been passed on from one generation to another and can only be altered on extreme conditions which entail survival. Does he not see design in this process? Does he not see the design towards perfection within the DNA structure of creatures? But of course, these are simply assumptions if I am to accept evolution but in as much as I have not accepted evolution; the scientific community has also rejected this because it lacks sufficient evidence. McCloskey argues that the Teleological Argument lacks evidence but there is a wide array of undisputable evidence to prove the Teleological argument. The body structure of man is a perfect example of design. Can you think of any better place for the nose to be located? It would be very awful if accidentally found its place underneath our armpit. How about the eyes? It would be aShow MoreRelatedMccloskey Responses1660 Words   |  7 Pagessponse Response Paper Stephanie Brockman PHIL 201 McCloskey Responses Introduction H. J. McCloskey gets most of his strong statements against the belief by asking the atheist to provide sufficient proof that God exists. However, McCloskey is not the only person who is unsure and asks questions God’s existence based on personal beliefs or influence. From the beginning many people have had questions about God and his existence. He wrote numerous books on atheism between 1960 and 1980 includingRead MoreResponse Paper Instructions1075 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Response Paper Instructions Having completed the unit of philosophy of religion, you are now ready to respond to an article written by an actual atheist. This article titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist,† was written by H. J. McCloskey in 1968 for the journal Question. McCloskey is an Australian philosopher who wrote a number of atheistic works in the 1960s and 70s including the book God and Evil (Nijhoff, 1974). In this article, McCloskey is both critical of the classical arguments for God’s existenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist By H. J. Gilman1664 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article, â€Å"On Being an Atheist† by H. J. McCloskey’s, he makes several arguments as â€Å"proof† of God’s non-existence to support his atheism. He attacks arguments made by advocates on the existence of God. The arguments argued by Theist are not arguments for proof of God’s existence but are arguments for definitive beliefs of God’s existence. Any argum ent on proving the Almighty God’s existence is unsatisfactory. The Theist does not attempt to offer â€Å"proof† of God’s existence but rather offerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1794 Words   |  8 PagesH. J. McCloskey wrote the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† in 1968 giving his reasons for rejecting God. He attempts to define God all while dismissing Him at the same time. He focuses on one of the most difficult things to explain in general which is evil and suffering in the world, yet we claim to have a perfect, and loving God. Though McCloskey desires proof and critiques the cosmological and teleological arguments against Gods existence, the most reasonable explanation for the universe itself isRead MoreExistence of God Argumentative Paper2119 Words   |  9 Pages McCloskey There are many different types of arguments for the existence of God. With each argument there is a conception presented of God. For each argument there are different approaches. I will be focusing on the Cosmological and Teleological Arguments. Teleological Arguments are known to be arguments from divine, arguing from order in the universe to the existence of God (1).With the ordering of the universe, created by an intelligent being, they hold that it isRead MoreA Brief Article On Being An Atheist1922 Words   |  8 PagesResponse Paper on H.J. McCloskey article On being an atheist Name Course Date During the year 1968, an atheist philosopher H.J. McCloskey came up with a powerful argument about how being an atheist was greater than the theistic way of life. Through this article, McCloskey finds a way to condemn numerous arguments which theist consider as true and in most cases seem to mock and impeach the believers of God. Some of the arguments that McCloskey tries to diminish are the three mutual proofs thatRead MoreResponse Paper Mccloskey Article (278.205 Kb)2221 Words   |  9 PagesResponse Paper McCloskey Article (278.205 Kb) Having completed the unit of philosophy of religion, you are now ready to respond to an article written by an actual atheist.   This article, titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist,† was written by H. J. McCloskey in 1968 for the journal Question.   McCloskey is an Australian philosopher who wrote a number of atheistic works in the 1960s and 70s including the book God and Evil (Nijhoff, 1974). In this article, McCloskey is both critical of the classical argumentsRead MoreMccloskey Response Paper2064 Words   |  9 Pages In his article, On Being an Atheist, H.J. McCloskey tried to show that atheism is a more reasonable and comfortable belief than that of Christianity.    McCloskey argued against the three theistic proofs, which are the cosmological argument, the teleological argument and the argument from design.    He pointed out the existence of evil in the world that God made.    He also pointed out that it is irrational to live by faith. According to McCloskey, proofs do not necessarily play a vital role in the

Proletarianization Defined Shrinking of the Middle Class

Proletarianization refers to the original creation of and the ongoing expansion of the working class in a capitalist economy. The term stems from Marxs theory of the relationship between economic and social structures and is useful as an analytic tool for understanding changes in both in todays world. Definition and Origins Today, the term proletarianization is used to refer to the ever-growing size of the working class, which results from growth imperative of a capitalist economy. In order for business owners and corporations to grow in a capitalist context, they have to accumulate more and more wealth, this requires increasing production, and thus increasing amounts of workers.  This can also be considered a classic example of downward mobility, meaning that people are moving from the middle class into the less wealthy working class. The term originates in Karl Marxs theory of capitalism articulated in his book Capital, Volume 1, and initially refers to the process of creating a class of workers—the proletariat—who sold their labor to factory and business owners, who Marx referred to as the bourgeoisie or the owners of the means of production. According to Marx and Engels, as they describe in  The Manifesto of the Communist Party, the creation of the proletariat was a necessary part of the transition from feudal to capitalist economic and social systems. (English historian E.P. Thompson provides a rich historical account of this process in his book  The Making of the English Working Class.) Processes of Proletarianization Marx also described in his theory how the process of proletarianization is an ongoing one. As capitalism is designed to produced the continual accumulation of wealth among the bourgeoisie, it concentrates wealth in their hands, and limits access to wealth among all others. As wealth is funneled to the top of the social hierarchy, more and more people must accept wage labor jobs in order to survive. Historically, this process has been a companion to urbanization, dating back to early periods of industrialization. As capitalist production expanded in urban centers, more and more people moved from agrarian lifestyles in the countryside to wage labor factory jobs in cities. This is a process that has unfolded over centuries, and that continues today. In recent decades formerly agrarian societies like China, India, and Brazil have been proletarianized as the globalization of capitalism pushed factory jobs out of Western nations and into nations in the global south and east where labor is cheaper by comparison. Current Processes at Work But today, proletarianization takes other forms as well. The process continues to unfold in nations like the U.S., where factory jobs are long gone, as one of a shrinking market for skilled labor and one hostile to small businesses, which shrinks the middle class by pushing individuals into the working class. The working class in todays U.S. is diverse in jobs, to be sure, but it is largely composed of service sector work, and of low- or unskilled jobs that render workers easily replaceable, and thus their labor invaluable in a monetary sense. This is why proletarianization is understood today as a process of downward mobility. A report released by Pew Research Center in 2015 shows that the process of proletarianization continues in the U.S., evidenced by the shrinking size of the middle class, and the growing size of the working class  since the 1970s.  This trend was exacerbated in recent years by the Great Recession, which reduced the wealth of most Americans. In the period following the great recession, wealthy people recovered wealth while middle and working class Americans continued to lose wealth, which fueled the process. Evidence of this process is also seen in the growing number of people in poverty since the late 1990s. Its important to recognize that other social forces affect this process too, including race and gender, which render people of color and women more likely than white men to experience downward social mobility in their lifetimes.

Essay about Surrealism in Photography

Essay about Surrealism in Photography Have you ever imagined your life without photographs? Have you ever heard of surrealistic photos and that special thrill and appeal they bring into ordinary life? People who have grown up in modern society would probably tell you that they like to make shots: of nature, of animals, of trips, of buildings, of food and of themselves. But not all of them have heard of such notion as surrealism in photography. Just to shed the light on this phenomenon, we should say that surrealism is a special form of art with features divergent from that of traditional. In fact, it’s an art of abstract forms and shapes that one can see in fantasies and dreams, feel in emotions and anxieties. Inspiration that one can derive from these sources is always of unpredictable and unique nature. Having a look at the photos of surrealists, you will understand all the charm of this suddenness and will be surprised with the variety of forms and ways of their expression. Still, not everyone is able to comprehend all the depth of these shots and images, as they turn out to be the reflection of someone’s subconscious mind. In other words, photographers-surrealists take pictures of their dreams, emotions and fantasies. In addition, innovative techniques are used to recreate inner feelings of human beings, such as montage, solarization, double exposure and printing. The latter allows the artist to communicate their own reality to the observer and to draw the â€Å"sharp contour† between light and darkness, between the dream and objective reality.

American Foreign Policy 1945-2005 Essay - 1070 Words

Once the U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, it was clear that the U.S. was a major force in international affairs. Since that time, the U.S. has had some successes and some failures in its international affairs. Following World War II, the U.S. was in constant struggle against the communist nation of the USSR. Our first major success against the Soviet Union was the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Had the U.S. not sent U2 reconnaissance flyers over Cuba, our military may have never known of the missiles planted there. This was a great example of intelligence. And once the U.S. realized this, we were on the brink of World War III, but successful negotiations ended that threat. Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to†¦show more content†¦U.S. involvement in Bosnia was another success. The success of our involvement in Bosnia strengthened our NATO alliance as well as our role as a leader in Europe. We helped create a fair and just cease-fire and then continued to support Bosnia as the new agreement was implemented. Through our successful Dayton Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina finally came out of a four-year war and gained democracy and human rights. We have been trying for decades to plant th e seeds of democracy all over the world, and in Bosnia, the U.S. did this successfully. We worked together with the UN and our NATO allies to bring peace to the land once known as Yugoslavia. The U.S. was not overly imposing, but we did not allow for refugees to take over. We came out having been credited for the further development of democracy, and Bosnia came out free and reformed. Kosovo was the last real success for U.S. foreign policy. This was the first time that the U.S. worked as part of a coalition force. We worked along side the other 18 NATO nations. We minimized our losses, both economically and on a human scale. According to Madeline Albright, the U.S. contributed, fewer than 15 percent of total troops and less than 15 percent of the nonmilitary costs of helping Kosovo recover from war and build stability. The U.S. could have struck against Milosevic quicker had it not had to be inShow MoreRelatedOrder 1466 US Domestic Issues And The World Late 19th Early 20th Century744 Words   |  3 Pageshistory when it comes to domestic policies, socioeconomic conditions and culture. The domestic policies, socioeconomics conditions and culture affect all aspect of American peoples’ lives. They shape and define the people identity. However, as world progressed these factors of life began to change taking the modernity culture and some of them began takin g different aspects. Despite that fact, there are correlations that exist between the current American domestic policies, socioeconomic conditions, andRead MoreWas the Cold War Truly a Cold War? Essay examples1492 Words   |  6 Pagesenough to pose the question – To what extent was the Cold War a truly Global War? This essay will examine this idea. It will identify two main areas of argument, focusing on the earlier part of the conflict (1945-1963). Firstly it will examine the growing US and Soviet influence in the world post 1945. Secondly it will examine three main conflicts, the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis that these two super powers were involved in. Overall this essay will argue that the ColdRead MoreThe European Dimension Of The Cold War1458 Words   |  6 Pagesin 1947. First, it’s important to note that the Cold War was something that was only between the USA and the USSR is a fallacy. David Reynolds’ piece titled The European Dimension to the Cold War is a historiographical piece that details how the American view of the struggle being just between the USSR and the USA as they â€Å"eye each other with watchful suspicion† isn’t exactly on point. Reynolds states the fact right away that many scholars are stressing European forces and problems had a bigger roleRead MoreTo What Extent Is The Success Conditions Of Economic Sanctions? Nature Of Durability As A Target Country?1029 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the Success Conditions of Economic Sanctions? Nature of Durability as a Target Country Daichi Sudo 6985 Introduction Economic sanctions have become a common tool of international relations and an important yet controversial foreign policy tool. In fact, economic sanctions have been gathering attention recently, such as the United States and European Union (EU) against Russia s Crimea Annexation, and United Nation (UN) against North Korea and Iran based on the Nations Security Council ResolutionsRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 Pagesmovements in the United States during the period 1945–1985. †¢ Suburbanization †¢ The growth of the Sun Belt †¢ Immigration to the United States 2009 [pic]AP Exam Essays 1. DBQ: From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained fredom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of these changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.Read MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War2612 Words   |  11 Pagesthis violation as an attack that threaten the West and would do anything necessary to contain Stalin. Disagreeing with Orthodox views has led to Revisionists including Walter LaFeber, to contend that it was actually the United States through their policies and want of economic hegemony that led to the breakdown of the USSR/USA alliance and therefore contributed to the start of the Cold War. What Orthodox and Revisionist interpretations highlight is that there are two sides to every story and it isRead MoreEssay about American Foreign Policy in South Korea2005 Words   |  9 Pagesthe American foreign policy i n southern Korea before the outbreak of the Korean War contribute to North Korea’s decision to invade the South?† To assess the degree of success to which the policy affected the communists’ decision to invade the South, various U.S. documents, especially the official U.S. government policy documents on Korea, will be evaluated for their effectiveness, as well as role of their role in Korea. This investigation will not only examine the extent to which the policies contributedRead MoreThe Organization of American States655 Words   |  3 PagesThe Organization of American States is the world’s oldest regional organization, having roots as far back as the 1826 Congress of Panama (United States Permanent Mission, n.d.). The Charter of the OAS was signed in 1948 by 21 member states and entered into force by December 1951, officially creating the Organization of American States. Today, 35 independent countries of the America have ratified the Charter and belon g to the Organization, and over 68 other states, as well as the European Union, haveRead MoreThe Cold War, from the Prespectives of Realism, Pluralism and Structuralism2142 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerally considered to have begun at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, when the western powers were unable to get Joseph Stalin to promise pluralistic governments in occupied areas.† P.Edwards (2010:64). The Soviet Union itself may have thought along the lines of structuralism in the sense that they thought the key features of the so called â€Å"international system† were injustice, inequality and exploitation. By 1945 Berlin was the line that divided the east from the west; in fact a wallRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1710 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, jointly triumphant in World War II, which ended with total victory for Soviet and American forces over Adolf Hitler s Nazi empire in Europe. However, within just a few years, wartime allies became mortal enemies, locked in a global struggle: military, political, economic, and ideological, to prevail in a new Cold War. The Cold War was a time of extreme tension between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union

Tibbat Bangladesh Free Essays

string(27) " with the contents of jar\." Introduction The art of advertising is a tough job. It is not very easy to impress the mind of the target audience and create a good perception of your product. Creating a good perception takes the job to whole new level where advertisers must make the audience learn about the product. We will write a custom essay sample on Tibbat Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now This instigates an even harder job, to pursue the audience to make the decision in your favor. The job is even harder when you have to pursue the audience about a product which has failed once in the past. Such is our mission in reestablishing one of our favorite food brands on the past, ‘Nocilla’. Grupo Nutrexpa’ is the mother company of ‘Nocilla’. The company is headquartered in Barcelona, and it was set up in the 1940s with a view to produce food which was â€Å"tasty and highly nutritious†. Nutrexpa offers five kinds of ‘Nocilla’ with different colors and taste which are ‘Nocilla Bokawa(cake)’; ‘Nocilla Postres (a liquid chocolate which is used on ice-cream,burgers etc)’; ‘Nocilla sticks (flour sticks chocolate)’; ‘Nocilla Vasos (red, green, light blue, glass jars)’; ‘Nocilla Tarrinas (two chocolate flavor)’. Basically ‘Nocilla Original’ was marketed in Bangladesh. At the beginning of the 1990’s it was available in our local market though a food importing company of Bangladesh called ‘Sajeeb Corporation’. For the sake of our project we are assuming that Nocilla is being re launched in Bangladesh and the hard task of advertising about this forgotten product has been handed to an advertising company managed by us. Advertising Objectives Sales Objective: It is obvious that Nocilla’s sales in Bangladesh have declined drastically over the last few years. So our main and prime objective as the advertising agency is to boost the sales of Nocilla. Since there are very little mearns of communicating Nocilla to the consumers, we can use advertising which is a dominant force in the marketing mix for Nocilla. Communication Objective: As we are repositioning Nocilla with the concept of both Taste and Nutrition, we need to communicate this information to the appropriate target consumers. Through our advertising, we have to make sure the kids get the sense of taste and the parent’s get the essence of Nutrition. Audience Analysis As per our analysis, our audiences are our target consumers for whom Nocilla would be reestablished. Kids are very fond of chocolate and would very cheerfully grab the oopportunity to change their traditional breakfast with something more chocolaty and tasty. Teenagers always look for different types of taste in their breakfast. They prefer a fast and easily makeable breakfast that would quickly set them free to get busy with their activities. Also they may prefer the taste whenever they would like to have quick snacks. Paren’ts always look to provide the necessary nutrition to their children. Nocilla provides hassle free and quick nutritious breakfast for them. This behavior is also applicable for people with a busy life style and always on the go. Segmentation To better attract our target audience our advertising agency has decided to break down our consumers into sub group of consumers that have ssimilar needs, desired product benefits and purchase behavior. We have decided to segment our consumers by dividing them into Demographic, Geographic and Psychographic segments. Demographic Segmentation: Our target consumers would be of the age between 6 to 25 years. They are mainly kids, teenagers and grownups of that specific age category who share a love for a chocolaty breakfast. We can also include the household of parent’s who likes a nutritious breakfast for their kids. Geographic Segmentation: As for the quality Nocilla is a premium product with a premium price. So our main target location will be the city areas like Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet and other major city centered regions. Psychographic Segmentation: Our segmentation also depends on the life style of the consumers who would like a ready and fast breakfast as they lead a very busy life. Nocilla only requires a little amount of time to be spread on bread and to prepare. Targeting We are targeting our consumers based on differentiated marketing. We are targeting kids, teenagers, and grownups. Again, our target segments include parent’s and other persons with busy life styles. Positioning We will position Nocilla as ‘A tasty and nutritious breakfast’. One of the prime causes for the fall of the Nocilla brand was its excessive focus on the taste of the product. As consumers became more concerned over nutrition Nocilla began to lose consumers and thus Nocilla began to lose its brand image in Bangladesh. That’s why we are also focusing on the Nutrition factor as equally as taste. Creative Strategy Art Direction: The artistic attributes of the ad-campaign will mainly focus on the positioning concept- ‘A tasty and nutritious breakfast’. In our campaign, all the advertisements will be directed in such a way so that they represent a creative mixture of both factors- Tasty Nutritious. Also all the ads will indirectly communicate the quick preparation factor. Production Values: For our advertisement campaign, production values plays a very important role in order to convince completely different type segments. Firstly, to attract the kids we have to use our audio and video options in such a way so that our advertisements provide a childish representation. Again to attract the parent’s and grown-ups, our visual representation should be in communicative style. Now, to maintain these objectives, we have developed our advertisements accompanied with a proper mixture of communicative style and childish appearance. To create an appropriate ad-campaign for the re establishment of the brand Nocilla we will need the following components of the copy platform: ) The sales of Nocilla have drastically declined due to the excessive attention drawn towards the taste criteria, instead of illustrating it as an ideal breakfast spread. b) Our primary objective would be to include the nutrition and quick prepare ability of a Nocilla breakfast along with the taste criteria. c) Unlike before Nocilla would be packaged in different sizes of glass jars and its coloring will differ with the contents of jar. You read "Tibbat Bangladesh" in category "Papers" There will be 4 varieties of Nocilla to be marketed in Bangladesh. Its packaging will also contain the nutrition chart which will be easily readable by the consumers. ) The profile of the target audience will be verified from our studies of the audience analysis and their behaviors. e) After a careful study of the Bangladesh Market we have come to see that there is quite a few numbers of competitors of Nocilla in the market. One of the prime competitors of Nocilla was found to be ‘Nutkao’. Originated from Italy, this product has offered to competitors’ different shapes and sizes of the product according to the family needs. The vvariety of the jars and the illustrations visualized emphasizes on it being a family food to be eaten during any time of the day. Another competitor ‘Cokokrem’ comes from Turkey. This product doesn’t have any vvariety in the market but did illustrate a great taste appeal of cocoa which is rare compared to the others. ‘Alpella Krem’,’Nutella’ ; ‘New Cream’ are also some of the competitors. The mother companies of these products are yet to be recognized. But the nutrition factors of these products do pose a threat to Nocilla. While we have seen Nocilla being priced at only Tk 120/70 based on available sizes, all the other competitors are priced above Tk 200. This suggests that Nocilla have done a good job in keeping the price at a check compared to its competitors. f) The key consumer benefits of Nocilla are- Its tasty, it’s nutritious, and it’s quick to prepare. g) Support for the consumer benefits: The organization is providing us 4 varieties of the Nocilla products which support our notion of it being tasty. Again we are providing a nutrition chart to support claim of Nocilla being nutritious. The traditional packaging of Nocilla with a plastic cap makes it very easy to use thus further supporting our claim. ) Our recommendation for the organization for the selling strategy will be to use a combination of pull and push strategies. They can provide the retailers with trade promotions to push demand of the product while our advertisement will hopefully create a demand among the retailer to store Nocilla on their shelves. i) As for selling style we will go for the soft selling style that mearns we will create an impression in consumer’s mind which will lead them in taking the decision of purchasing Nocilla. Through our ad campaign we will include various kinds of appeals which are- quality appeal, star appeal and definitely sensory appeal. Media Strategy Determining Geographic Scope: As we are reestablishing Nocilla and don’t want to waste our advertisers resources by transmitting our advertisements in areas where the products had limited or no demand. So we are concentrating our advertising efforts in cities like: Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet. After a few months of operations, we will use BDI and CDI to evaluate our performance. Scheduling the message: As an advertising agency, we plan to determine the timing of our message when the people in the target audience are very much receptive to the medium we are intending to use. We have decided on the continuity of our message by adopting â€Å"pulsing†. As our target audience are more receptive towards our ads during the â€Å"early fringe† i. e. ; 4-7 p. m. and during â€Å"prime time† i. e. ; 8-11 p. m. The size, length and position of our ads will be determined as per the advertising objectives: creative strategy, budget, and reach ; frequency requirement. In case of TV, we picked Channel i and NTV for running our TV commercials. For NTV, we have selected a total of 22 spots for running our ads with duration of 30 seconds. In Channel i, 6 spots have been selected for running the same 30 seconds advertisement. For print media, we have decided to put on a total of 75 insertions, with a combination of full size, 40col-inch, 24col-inch ; 18col-inch ads. Selecting the media: After analyzing the media audiences, media environments and the competitor’s media usages, we have decided that our â€Å"Media Mix† will consist of print media ; electronic media (television). We will also be doing other out-of-home advertisements. Calculating the cost efficiency: The ‘media mix’ will be selected by calculating the Cost per Thousand (CPM) of that particular media according to the data available from the company. Print Strategy We plan to utilize the print media by advertising our product in the newspapers only. Magazines are not appropriate according to us for our food product. Thus by advertising in the daily newspapers in our limited budget would be the most cost effective strategy to reestablish Nocilla. We are basically advertising in ‘The Daily Star’ and ‘The Daily Prothom-Alo’. After initial advertisements in these two popular print media we will move on to other newspapers after analyzing the effectiveness of the advertisements. The detailed planned budgeting strategy for utilization is provided in the Appendix section. Headlines, Body copy and Slogan Headlines: We will introduce various types of Headlines to attract our consumers at separate time periods. First, we will use ‘news headlines’ which will describe the new arrival of Nocilla. Again to represent the product quality we will use ‘benefit headlines’. These headlines will be presented to our audience time to time. One example of our headlines is- â€Å"The new taste of breakfast†. Body Copy: A very important characteristic of the advertisements is they all will consist ‘picture and caption copy’. The main purpose of doing this is to visually attract our target segments. Sometimes there will be pictures of Nocilla jars providing product information. And some other times images of kids will be introduced accompanied with concrete messages. Slogan: As we are reestablishing Nocilla, we will introduce a new slogan- â€Å"Wake Up, Boost Up and Break Out†. This new slogan is necessary to create a new brand image. This slogan has been developed in such a way so that it is stylish enough to attract kids and teenagers; and it is encouraging enough for the parent’s and grown-ups. Television Advertising As for television advertising we will go only for cable channels- Channel I, NTV. This is mainly because our target market is not the mass market. Infact, we are targeting only the city centered consumers. So, they can be easily reached using the cable channels. Our advertising type will be both participation and spot announcement. This campaign will involve buying ad spots for some particular programs and also purchasing segments of commercial times from the TV. Our planning for Television advertising will include measuring the TV audience using ‘program rating’; selecting time periods that is early fringe and prime time; understanding TV ad rates using the formula of CPP; placing TV ads based on availability and using special TV services that is provided time to time by the TV channels. How to cite Tibbat Bangladesh, Papers

Case Study of Toyota-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Using Toyota as a Case Study. Investigate company profile, industry analysis, marketing mix, PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Porter's Five Forces model (BRESS), Competitor analysis, cultural dimension, Ethical dimension, and describe a major case in Toyota's recent Marketing history. Answer: Introduction The report outlines trading operations and activities of the Toyota. Further, it explains the mission and vision of the firm. It tells that how the company is using marketing mix strategy and brand management strategies within the organization. Apart from this, it also explains the Pestle analysis, SWOT analysis, and porter five forces model to analyze and measure the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors across the world. It describes that how the company is using BCG matrix within the organization. It outlines that how the company is addressing the ethical issues within the organization. Toyota motor is a Japanese automotive manufacturer company. The company was founded in 1937 with its headquartered is located in Aichi, Japan. There are approx 364,445 employees employed in the company. It is the fifth biggest company in the world measured by the revenue. It is one of the biggest automotive manufacturer companies around the world. In todays era, the company is producing more than 10 million vehicles in the world. The firm is listed on the Japan stock exchange. It is the world market player in sales of hybrid electric vehicles. Toyota is dealing with various automobiles, engines, commercial vehicles and luxury vehicles around the world. In todays world, the company is increasing its revenue and profit and it is expanding its business activities globally. The mission of the Toyota is to attract and retain customers by providing a high quality of products and services in the world. The vision of the company is to become a successful leader in the automotive car manufact uring industry. The primary market of the company includes businessmen, urban families and young executives (Fan, Geddes Flory, 2013). Industry analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota is the automotive car manufacturing corporation which operates its business activities globally. It is trying to beat the competitors across the world. The competitors of the Toyota include Honda motors, Nissan motors, Ford motor company, Tata Motors, and Volkswagen. These are the main competitors of the company. The company has obtained approx 4.26 percent share in the U.S (McLean-Cobban, 2013). Marketing mix Marketing mix plays a vital role in Toyota Corporation. It is the tool to fulfill the needs and requirements of the consumers across the world. The marketing covers 4Ps (Product, price, place, and promotion) which have been discussed below (Loureiro, Sardinha Reijnders, 2012). Product: There are various product produced by the Toyota in the universal market. Product strategy is used by the company to identify the needs, requirements, and expectations of the customers across the world. This strategy also used by the company to differentiate its products from the competitors products. Price: The appropriate prices of the products are fixed by the company. Further, the company focuses on the income level of the consumers around the world. It will also help to gain the competitive advantages in the market (Lucky Takim, 2015). Place: The firm has been able to identify and evaluate the market segment and place to sell the products of the company. Mostly, the company is selling its vehicles in Africa, Europe, Asia and America (Yksel, 2012). Promotion: The advertisement and promotional strategies are used by the company to increase the sale of the vehicles in the world. It also helps to make a good image in the market (Ivanova, 2015). Brand management The brand management plays an integral role in Toyota Corporation in order to build and develop a good image in the market. It is the most popular and well-known brand in the world. The company has specialized in automobiles and engineering products. Along with this, the company uses different marketing strategies to increase and enhance the brand of the company. Through brand management, the company is able to increase the profit and revenue of the company (Li et al, 2016). STP (Segmentation, targeting, and positioning) Segmentation: It is the important strategy of the company. The company divides the market into the different segments of the world in order to distribute the products in an effective way. Under market segmentation, Toyota focuses on the businessmen and middle-class people to earn more revenue in the market (Venter, Wright Dibb, 2015). Targeting: Toyota Corporation focuses on the target market in order to attain the success and growth of the company. It monitors on the effective market to beat the competitors in the market. Further, it makes various strategies to reach its target audience in the world. Positioning: This strategy helps to make a good and effective position in the market. Through positioning strategy, the company selects the suitable marketing mix for the target audience. Under positioning strategy, the firm uses generic strategy and differentiation strategy in order to gain the competitive benefits in the automotive industry. PESTLE analysis The PESTLE analysis is used by the company to identify and measure the external environment to beat the competitors across the world. The PESTLE analysis of Toyota has been discussed below. Political: The government rules, regulations, laws affect the business activities and operations adversely. Therefore, Toyota must focus on the political factors in order to gain the competitive benefits around the world (Hanzaee Rouhani, 2013). Economic: The economic factors include inflation rate, interest rate, unemployment rate and growth rate. These factors influence the trading activities and operations adversely. These elements must be controlled and managed by the company (Sair Shoaib, 2014). Socio-cultural: The socio-cultural factors include culture, values, customs, religion and lifestyle of the people. These factors affect the vehicles and fuel efficiency of the Toyota. The company should evaluate and measure these factors to accomplish the goals and objectives of the firm. Technological: The technology such as internet influence the sale of the Toyota products in the market. Further, the firm has introduced hybrid technology to gain the competitive advantages within the organization (Roh, Hong Min, 2014). Environmental: The environmental factors include weather; climate and globalization which influence the sale of the Toyota vehicles. Therefore, the company must maintain safety regulations, and environmental standards to expand the business activities globally. Legal: There are various legal factors exist in the macro environment which affects the activities and operations of the company. The legal factors include the taxation, competition law, and intellectual property law. Therefore, the company must focus on these factors to expand its business globally (Thompson, 2015). SWOT analysis of Toyota The SWOT analysis is done by the company to measure and identify the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the company. The SWOT analysis has been discussed below (Yuan, 2013). Strengths Weaknesses It is the popular and well-known brand in the world. It used hybrid and innovative technology. It uses cost leadership pricing strategy. The organizational structure of Toyota is not good and effective. Weak and low profitability. Toyota unable to keep a balance between the changes in price and demand. Opportunities Threats The company is launching the solar power vehicles. It also introduces ecology friendly cards. The global market is available for sale the vehicles of the company. Increasing oil prices and competition. Changes in the exchange and interest rates. Changes and modification in technology. Porter five forces analysis The porter five forces model shows that the company should focus on the competitors in the global market. Along with this, the firm needs to analyze and evaluate the needs, expectations, and choices of the customers around the world. The porter five forces model has been discussed below (Kajanus et al, 2012). Competitive rivalry: The Company needs to focus on the competitors of the Toyota. There are various factors affect the competitive rivalry in the market. Therefore, effective and dynamic strategies should be used by the company to gain the competitive advantages in the world. Bargaining power of buyers/customers: The customers affect the business activities and revenue of the Toyota. The external factors give contribution to the barraging power of customers. These factors include high and good quality of information and low switching cost. The company should focus on the desires, requirements, behavior, and needs of the suppliers. Bargaining power of suppliers: The main aim of the Toyota suppliers is to improve the activities and operations of the business. Thus, the firm must monitors on the bargaining power of suppliers and weak forces within the organization. It helps to attain the mission and vision of the firm with maintaining sustainability at the workplace (Mohapatra, Choudhury Ganesh, 2017). Threats of the substitutes: Substitutes affect trading activities of the company by producing the similar products in the market. Thus, the Toyota should identify the plans, policies, and strategies of the competitors to overcome on the competitors around the world. Threats of new entrants: New entrants are considered the potential and competent competitors of the company which influences the business of the firm. Hence, the company must evaluate and measure the new entrants to reduce the risks and key challenges of the firm. (Source: https://research-methodology.net/toyota-porters-five-forces-analysis/) Competitor analysis Ford, Volkswagen, and Honda are the major competitors of the Toyota. The ford company has maintained strong position in the American market. The financial position of the company is very strong. These are the strengths of the ford around the world. Low stock prices and poor reputation and status with investors are the major weaknesses of the Ford motor company (Jindal, Laveena Aggarwal, 2015). The product portfolio of the Honda is diversified and its position is very strong in Asia. These are considered the strengths of the company. The weaknesses include that Honda is dependent on the North America and low investment in research and development. These are the major weaknesses of the company. BCG matrix of Toyota The BCG matrix of the Toyota Corporation plays a significant role to attain competitive benefits and to gain the long-term revenue of the company. The BCG matrix has been discussed below (Soltanifar, Ansari, 2016). High relative market share Low relative market share High market growth rate Star Prius hybrid Luxury sedans and Lexus Land Cruiser SUV Question Small car for China as well as India. Corolla/Camry as hybrids Scion is good for youth in the USA. Low market growth rate Cash flow Venza-MPA and Innova Camry-Corolla sedans DOG Tundra pick up Declining and decreasing market in Europe and UK. Cultural dimension The organizational culture of the Toyota Corporation is unique and dynamic to attract more customers in the global market. Hofstedes cultural dimension model is used by the company to beat the competitors in the market to provide cross-cultural training to the employees. The Hofstede model focuses on the five value dimensions of the culture which also affect the national culture (Autio Thomas, 2014). Hofstede cultural dimension model (Source: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/japan/) Toyota is expanding and flourishing its business activities day by day. The company operates its business in US, Japan, China, Indonesia, India, Kenya, UK, and France. Therefore the firm must focus on the environment of the different countries to reduce the key challenges and risks of the market. In this way, the firm can make a good position in the global market (Takami, 2014). Ethical dimension Ethics is a branch of philosophy which involves defending, systematizing and suggesting the concepts of right or wrong conduct. The firm must maintain business ethics and code of conducts within the organization. Further, experimentation, respect, imagination, humility, and integrity are the core values of the Toyota which should be followed and maintained by the employees to expand its business globally (Bowen Zheng, 2015). The company uses the code of conducts in the organization in order to fulfill the social responsibility of the company. The Toyota code of conducts is considered the significant guiding tool to conduct and run business activities and operations globally. It also helps to reduce the key issues related to the environment and society. By maintaining a code of conduct, the company is able to fulfill the need and desires of the consumers across the world (Garca-Madariaga Rodrguez-Rivera, 2017). There are various ethical challenges faced by the Toyota Corporation within the organization. The firm is not able to build and develop effective and unique communication with customers in the global market and it also affects the loyalty and morality of the employees. Apart from this, the company has to face the litigation and criminal problems in the United States. The ethical issues also affect the confidence and integrity of the consumers across the world. Further, the company is fixing the high prices of products and vehicles to determine the long-term growth and success of the firm. These are the ethical issues in the Toyota Corporation which should be reduced and managed by the company (Jindal, Laveena Aggarwal, 2015). Case study Toyota is the global leader in the auto industry but in 2009, the company had to face various issues in the global market. Toyota had to recall more than 8 million vehicles due to unintended acceleration and poor window system. It was the biggest challenge for the company. As a result, the sale of the company decreased by 16 percent and costs increased by $5 billion in that year. The growth and success of the company are also affected by this key issue and challenge. Therefore, various marketing strategies were made by the company to overcome on this key issue within the organization. Discussion Technology and customer satisfaction were the main forces in the Toyota. Due to this crisis, the customer had to suffer a lot of problems. It also affects the sales and revenue of the company. It also affected the buying behavior of the consumers around the world. It also affects the brand image of the company. The company took various actions to resolve this issue within the organization. Toyota appointed a team to address this issue. It developed and built a recovery plan to resolve this issue. The company had developed a communication blueprint plan to identify and evaluate this issue. Marketing partnership strategy was used by the company. Further, collaboration strategy was used by the Toyota. Apart from this, brand reputation rebuilding strategy was implemented by the company. In addition, all the vehicles were recalled by the company to resolve this issue. Further, effective and unique communication strategies were also used by the company. Various effective and dynamic strategies were used by the company to regain its position in the market. As a result, the company overcame and reduced this issue. Further, Toyota also gained corporate reputation and goodwill in the market. The company again started its business activities and operations in an effective way. The company could have used effective and innovative technologies to overcome this challenge in the market. Further, effective and unique collaboration must have maintained by the company with customers. They should have resolved their problem and key issues by providing effective and unique vehicles. Porter five forces model was used by the company to resolve and address this issue. Thus, the company gained competitive benefits in the global market. Conclusion On the above aforesaid information, it has been measured and concluded that Toyota is one of the largest players in the world. Further, SWOT analysis, porter five forces model, and pestle analysis are done by the company to identify the major competitors of the company. These tools are also used by the company to gain the completive benefits within the organization. In addition, marketing mix and BCG matrix are also done by the company to reduce the key challenges of the market. In addition, the company should focus on the ethical issues to build and develop a brand image in the global market. Apart from this, the company uses Hofstede cross-cultural model to provide training and development coaching within the organization References Autio, E., Thomas, L. (2014). Innovation ecosystems.The Oxford handbook of innovation management, 204-288. Bowen, S. A., Zheng, Y. (2015). Auto recall crisis, framing, and ethical response: Toyota's missteps.Public Relations Review,41(1), 40-49. Fan, D., Geddes, D., Flory, F. (2013). The Toyota recall crisis: Media impact on Toyota's corporate brand reputation.Corporate Reputation Review,16(2), 99-117. Garca-Madariaga, J., Rodrguez-Rivera, F. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, corporate reputation, and firms market value: Evidence from the automobile industry.Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC,21, 39-53. Hanzaee, K. H., Rouhani, F. R. (2013). Investigation of the effects of luxury brand perception and brand preference on purchase intention of luxury products.African Journal of Business Management,7(18), 1778. Ivanova, K. (2015). Market Potential Analysis of Finland and the UK; Business caseSidebar business proposition, Case Company: Orion Automotive. Jindal, S., Laveena, L., Aggarwal, A. (2015). A comparitive study of crisis management-Toyota v/s General motors.Scholedge International Journal of Management Development ISSN 2394-3378,2(6), 1-12. Kajanus, M., Leskinen, P., Kurttila, M., Kangas, J. (2012). Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysisLessons learnt in strategic natural resources management.Forest Policy and Economics,20, 1-9. Li, C. Z., Hong, J., Xue, F., Shen, G. Q., Xu, X., Luo, L. (2016). SWOT analysis and Internet of Things-enabled platform for prefabrication housing production in Hong Kong.Habitat International,57, 74-87. Loureiro, S. M., Sardinha, I. M. D., Reijnders, L. (2012). The effect of corporate social responsibility on consumer satisfaction and perceived value: the case of the automobile industry sector in Portugal.Journal of cleaner production,37, 172-178. Lucky, B., Takim, S. (2015). Manufacturing Defects in the Automobile Industry, a Case Study of the Remote Causes and Effects of Toyotas Transmission Malfunctions in Cars.IJEAS,2, 15-28. McLean-Cobban, W. (2013). The tortoise wins the race (Review of Lessons for Turning Crisis into Opportunity: Toyota Under Fire: How Toyota Faced the Challenges of the Recall and the Recession to Come Out Stronger by Jeffery K. Liker and Timothy N. Ogden).Journal of Professional Communication,2(1). Mohapatra, S., Choudhury, A., Ganesh, K. (2017). Framework for supporting'business process reengineering'-based business models.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,13(4), 451-474. Roh, J., Hong, P., Min, H. (2014). Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 198-210. Sair, S. A., Shoaib, M. (2014). Measuring the effectiveness of brand positioning strategies perceived by consumers.Science International-(Lahore),26(1), 353-361. Soltanifar, E., Ansari, M. (2016). Matrix-Collage: An Innovative Methodology for Qualitative Inquiry in Social Systems.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods,14(1). Takami, T. (2014). Production engineering strategies and metalworking at Toyota motor corporation.Procedia Engineering,81, 5-17. Thompson, A. (2015). Toyotas generic strategy and intensive growth strategies.Retrieved April,27, 2016. Venter, P., Wright, A., Dibb, S. (2015). Performing market segmentation: a performative perspective.Journal of Marketing Management,31(1-2), 62-83. Yuan, H. (2013). A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, 1-8. Yksel, ?. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 52

Case Of Organizational Behavior Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Of Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction In a very broad sense, organizational behavior refers to the study of how human individuals interact or behave within a group. These studies are conducted extensively to understand how to better integrate the employees and run a business more efficiently. At the core of this field of study lies the idea that scientific approach can benefit an organization through better managing the workers and, thus, making sure the individuals work more cohesively and as a single unit. Organizational behavior may be loosely described as the process of understanding and predicting of human behavior as a group member or as an individual in order to manage and maximize their output within an organization. Organizational behavior also studies the behavioral traits or patterns individuals show to one another within the organizational sphere. The effects of these interactions are also studied in depth. Organizational behavior is the study of every behavioral aspects of an individual who is a part of a bi gger organization, the interface of two or more individuals, or between the individual and the organization or of the organization itself. Organizational culture is the single most important aspect and parameter that decides how will the performance of the employees be as individuals or a whole group. Moreover, organizational culture is the conglomerating bundle of the assumptions, values, ethical considerations, ideologies and other organizational parameters that decide how would an individual or a group within the organization behave while their interactions and interfaces between themselves and the organization or amongst themselves (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). These parameters all have important and extensive influences upon individuals and modulate their behavioral patterns, dictate how they dress or act as a member or part of the organization. Organizational culture also often sets the bar that decides and measures how will the performance of the individual and the group is (Alvesson 2016). Every single organization has distinct and visible organizational culture that varies from each other and are unique in i ts nature. These organizational culture are developed over days and are maintained tirelessly to uphold the organizational reputation within the industry. This reputation is one of the biggest attributes for ensuring a successful business (Ehrhart and Kuenzi 2017). Organizational culture is primarily a very basic but overall guideline or boundaries as to how should the employees behave while representing the company. Organizational culture is the unification of the values, ethics and behavioral pattern of the employees that make up the unique environment for each organization (Ostroff and Schulte 2014). While these behaviors are often up-front and are very visible, it is also often the case that these are embedded psychologically. The very core beliefs and values are personified by the behavior of the organization and, in some cases, the employees as well. The managing authorities are the ones who decide how would the employees behave within the organization. Organization culture fl ows down from the senior authorities to the employees and not the other way around (Ashkanasy and Dorris 2017). Importance Also termed corporate culture, organizational culture is reflected through a few basic functions of the company. It is the guidelines and broad paths through which an organization functions and operates its business: how does the organization treats and interacts with its customers and employees as well as how does it serve or helps the wider social communities (Bortolotti, Boscari and Danese 2015). Organizational culture decides upon how much freedom is given to the employees to have inputs about the operations of the company and what contributions do they have in the decision making process, providing new ideas for development and benefit of the organization or how much leniency is tolerated for p3ersonal expression. The hierarchical construction, the flow of power and how free flowing is information within the organization are all decided by the organizational culture and work ethics(Barbera 2014). The organizational goals and purposes demand the employees to believe and be commit ted to them and organizational culture plays a pivotal and decisive role in this: the organization must be able to make the employees feel welcomed and a valuable part of the organization so that they want to work for the employers and help them to fulfil the objectives that were set out with in the first place of starting the company (Glisson 2015). If the employees are made to feel they are important and they understand that the company is taking their care, they will themselves take care of the customers. The whole functioning of the company will be much smoother and the higher authority need not be directly involved in the interaction with the customers, rather, they can be focused more on other more pressing issues. Customer care and services, post sales services, product quality are all results and/or shaped by organizational culture (Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014). Another very important aspect of running a business in the modern world is the environmental side of it. Eve ry business, industry or organization must abide by the rules and requirements to protect the environment and reduce the process of global warming. A strong and ethical organizational culture helps to make sure that organizations keep this in mind and not cause any harm to the planet (Dubey et al. 2017). Virtually every single step of the operations of an organization is impacted by the organizational culture: how will the idea of a new product or service be conceived and shaped, how will the marketing tactics be planned, how to reach the potential customers and how to penetrate the market (Uzkurt et al. 2013). Organizational culture takes a lot of time to achieve and once established, it is so involved in every operation of the organization that it becomes almost impossible to change. That is why organizations must be very careful from the very beginning, having a concise and cohesive idea about what they want to achieve through the business, i.e. the motives of the company (Kangas et al. 2016). Employees and customers have to be able to identify with the organizational business operations or goals if they either want to work there or buy the products or the services of a particular company. Traits Organizational culture is defined as an emergence of a state within an organization that is highly complex and is incalculable. This state results from a few very simple ingredients, though the final outcome is different for every organization. There are three parameters within an organization that can be controlled, moderated and managed: the employees, the work and the customers. These are the three basic pillars of any organization and every single operation is executed and planned with focus on any, or all, three of these. Organizational culture is almost always highly influenced by regional cultures (Modaff, Butler and DeWine 2016). The beliefs and ideals of different social community shape how an organization will behave, treat its customers and employees. These beliefs and values are deep inside the collective social mentality, and it is only natural that these will be some of the primary things to decide what will be the operations of the organization. Creation and establishment The creation of any organizational culture is dependent upon the beliefs and values of its leaders. Workplace culture is entirely created by the leaders as they are the ones with a proper idea about what is to be done band the true motives of the organization (Asgary and Li 2016). However, it is not the final deciding factor: while most of the times leaders do shape the organizational culture, there are also times when organizational culture also decides what kind of a leadership is possible, or how will the leaders behave him/herself. An established culture influences and shapes a leader just as much as it being influenced by the leader (Fullan 2014). An effective organizational culture decides and governs the mentality and behavior of the employees and the authority that will ensure the employees reaching their goals while adhering to the collective motivations. When an employee feels that she or he is being assisted and helped by the leader to fulfil their personal goal, job satis faction also gets better and this, in turn, pushes the employees to work even harder. While a strong organizational culture will help the employees in the process of achieving its goals and grow together, a weak one will have disruptions in the work and functions of the organization. However, if individual employees are seen as to be more important than the organization itself, sustaining the operations and striving towards the organizational goals may become difficult as the company will be having a tough time trying to balance the priorities (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The market orientation and culture of an organization must be focused at generating a profit and should revolve around results. Competition within an industry must be kept up with, if the organization wishes to stay in the game and keep generating a profit. Having an adaptive culture can help organizations immensely. This means an inclusive work culture where all the employees are included in the decision making process of the company. An adaptive or inclusive work culture ensures that the company y will survive through time, simply because it will have all the employees looking after its interests. A flexible work culture is dynamic in nature and are focused upon risk-taking and innovation (Glisso n 2015). Power culture within an organization decides how would information flow within the organization among the different departments. It also determines the hierarchy of the organization and the power structure. This kind of work culture is spearheaded by a single leader who takes all the decisions on behalf of the entire organization and controls the marketing and other strategies of the company. A role culture is where the employees all know their specific jobs and roles in the organization and report to their seniors. Efficiency and accuracy are paramount in a work culture like this one. Characteristics There are some basic characteristics of organizational culture, despite being unique to every organization. Some of them are elaborated below: Innovation: Being able to keep innovating is an important thing to stay ahead of the curve. This entails that an organization is willing to take risks. Companies that have a work culture that focuses on innovation encourages their employees to take risk and subsequently increase their performance. On the other hand, an organization with a work culture that does not take risks sees its employees doing the same work in the same process (OReilly et al. 2014). This poses to become a problem after a certain point, when sheer boredom sets in and the performance level of the employees start to drop. Detailing: Organizational culture requires the employees to be accurate to some degree for their assigned work. If an employee strives for perfection, chances are, the execution and result of the work will be better than someone who is clumsy in executing the work. Precision is very important to ensure the organization is up to the mark and is delivering quality products or service to its customers. Outcome focused: A result oriented organization has to have a strong organizational culture in order to ensure that the goals are reached collectively. Knowing what is the true purpose of the business venture, or the ultimate goals, is essential knowledge to c hart out the operations of the company and the organizational culture as well (Wiewiora et al. 2014). People oriented: A good organizational culture encourages to treat its employees with respect. An organization with a strong corporate culture will always consider how would their actions and strategies impact the employees and the customers before implementing those. Every side and effects of the actions are debated, analyzed and assessed before making the ideas a reality. Working in a team: Closely-knit organizations always encourage their employees to work in groups to achieve the collective goals. Teamwork is given high priority and individuals are supposed to work with others in cohesion. An organization encouraging group work observes its employees to have cordial relationship with their colleagues. Stability: When an organization puts high value on stability, it becomes predictable and rule-led in nature. However, these organizations always deliver at a consistent rate. Being aggressive: An organization with a strong organizational culture asks its employees to be assertive while dealing with the organizations they are competing with in the industry. A competitive work culture looks to outperform their peers in any way possible and establish itself as the dominant organization in the sector. The principles The organizational culture is a self-sustaining pattern that gives an idea about how things are to be done in the organization. Organizational culture is mostly instinctive and repetitive and cannot be easily categorized or labelled. Corporate culture is always evolving: slowly, but surely (Katzenbach, Oelschlegel and Thomas 2016). While it is almost impossible to change the entire established work culture, it is possible to control certain emotional aspects of it to control the performance and outcome of some of the functions. Cultural inputs and catalysts help companies to make changes that last longer and have more positive impact on the performance of the employees (Modaff, Butler and DeWine 2016). There are some basic principles of the organizational culture that help companies to achieve long term success. These can be defined as follows: Working within the existing cultural condition: Already established cultural conditions cannot be changed easily even if the entire system is overhauled. It is essential to understand the specific traits of the culture that is already dominant which may act as boosters or serve as brakes at times as well. To do this, one must understand a culture first: identify the things that may help or cause a problem for the organization. The organization have to understand which aspect of the culture can be most related to by the employees and then only devise the organizational operations in a way that would adhere to these in the best way possible. Changing mind-sets through changed behaviors: It has been observed that humans would behave in a specific way in a specific situation that would change their beliefs, rather than changed beliefs leading to changed behaviors. If an organization is trying to change the collective mentality of its employees, it must garner a changed behavior among them first (Katzenbach, Oelschlegel and Thomas 2016). Randomly changing the entire core beliefs of the company would not ensure change behavior of the employees because they are embedded deep into the minds of the employees which make changing behavior solely based on changed beliefs hard. If the employees can be conditioned to act in a different way, there is a possibility for them to change the way they think, which can be utilized efficiently by the organization. Only a few behaviors to focus upon: Despite the popular idea that people should change everything that is not perfect, it can be easier said than done. changing all core things that make up an individual who they are not easy by any means. This reason propagates that organizations should try and change only a few essential behaviors of the employees that is believed to work in lieu with the organizational goals. These basic behaviors go a long way when it comes to deciding the long term goals of the organization. Strong leaders are to be used: It must be understood in great detail that leadership and authority are not the same. While authority expects the employee to complete and deliver a work, an effective leader will work along with the subordinates to ensure that the work is executed on time. Making sure the formal authority is kept under check: Giving the leaders or the authorities complete freedom over their work can often prove to be a problem for any organization. Misuse of power can become one of the biggest issues for the hindrance of the organization. Behavior-objective coordination: The primary objectives of the organization must be aligned with the initial goals that were set before starting out on the business venture. Tangible an d well-defined examples must be provided on how do cultural intervention of the organization can benefit in reaching the goals by enhancing the performance of the employees; both in groups or as individuals. Behaviors must be subjected to measurement, that would facilitate in the assessment of each employee. If the behavior is not aligned with the organizational goals, success can never be attained. Managing the cultural situation: Cultural conditions of an organization can be difficult to change. But it is possible to update the cultural conditions so that the new standards are met. Case studies Now that a rough but cohesive idea about the basic tenets of organizational culture has been comprehended, further discussion would try to establish the same as an important of business running. To achieve this, three case studies are looked into in greater detail and discussed how did they manage to be so successful despite such fierce competition in the sector and what role did organizational culture had to play in it. Google and employee happiness It is not unknown that Google has a very strong work culture that is also the biggest reason behind it being recognized as one of the most sought after companies to work at. Even pictures from inside Googles offices make people chart their education and career plans so that one day they can achieve that. A company does not achieve such a status just like that. The very essence of the core ideals and beliefs of the company is forged within the organizational culture of the organization, that prompts its actions and every other strategy (Wei, Samiee and Lee 2014). The company has teams who are solely focused towards keeping the employees happy and making sure that productivity is consistent and regular. While it may seem intrusive to many, it is also true that great visions are often misjudged and/or frowned upon. It is understandable if some companies are weary of the organizational culture simply based on the fact that the industry of Google are absolutely different. While different sectors do demand different work cultures, it is also true that some basic ideas can be used by every sector or organization within it. It has already been elaborated in the previous section about how can a greater employee integration help an organization to achieve higher degrees of success can happier employee circle ensure higher performance. This section will look into the different ways through which Google tries to achieve this aspect of organizational culture and, in turn, attain success. Google firmly believes in the fact that it is the employees behind the success of the organization. There are innumerable applications to work for the company and every single one of them are reviewed. The employee integration process begins at the very first step of hiring a person as an employee. In the interview process, the applicants are faced with odd situational questions and are asked to provide answers. The answers are not expected to be correct, rather the company tries to see which of the applicants have an aptitude for imagination and can come up with innovative ideas under pressure. This gives the organization an insight about the inner capacity of each individual at the very beginning. Human resource department relies solely on scientific research and data analysis to understand an d measure the performance of each individual employee properly. Extensive application of algorithm based formulae help the company to predict when will an employee leave the organization; optimal size of tables is also assessed using scientific methods. Google discovered that female employees take twice as many leaves as the male counterparts and this led the company to revamp the entire leave plans, giving the female employees paid maternity leaves. All of these steps taken provided the company with employees who were happier. Retention of the employees was achieved through providing them with higher perks and better paid leave plans. Google gives its employees a lot of perks including the advantages of bringing the children to the office and availing day care right there, sleep pods, free food throughout the day and many more which make the employees want to stay at the company. Studies have also shown that the employees perform better as well under these conditions. Google has clearly written guidelines about what are the ideals and organizational values. These ten grounding premises serve at the very core of the company and help the applicants properly understand what the organization expects them to do, which skills to possess and what are expected of them should they be selected to work for the company. Google shares all of its information with all of its employees. This makes the operations of the organization clear and transparent. The company also takes care to resolve any questions an employee may have regarding the organization. This assures the employees with a sense of security and makes them understand the operations of the company properly and enables them to work for the company in a clearer and proper fashion. Keeping the employees informed and enlightened about which direction the company is headed enables them be aligned with the objectives of the company and cohesively work towards the collective goals. Every employee is given recognition for however small an achievement may it be, encouraging them to work harder so that they can achieve even more credit for their work. At the same time, failure on the part of any employee or team is also highlighted. This type of clear and open appreciation of their efforts make the employees want to improve their performance and ensu res an office culture which is fearless. Google encourages its employees to socialize even outside of office so that a sense of a bigger society can be formed where everyone knows each other. This gives the employees a level of comfort to be working among the people they know, and being relaxed they can work with better concentration. This case study reveals that Google uses some basic and very normal ideas to form an organizational culture through employee appeasing, based on the very core idea that happy employees guarantee happy customers. Another very important aspect of Googles work culture is that; it is never stagnated. The company is always changing and evolving its work culture, making sure any new aspect that would make the employees happier is not ignored. The company policy on employees is one of the most important things that ensure the employees higher performance rate and establishes the organizational dominance in the overall industry. Google is evidently highly successful in being able to use organizational culture by means of integrating the employees within itself and making themselves a successful company. All of these steps have helped Adobe to become the successful company that they are today and enjoy a great market share. Adobe placing creativity above all else Companies and organizations invests billions of dollars and uncounted amount of hours only to ensure that innovation and creativity are boosted. To stay ahead of the curve, to ensure organizational leadership in the industry and grabbing maximum market share, there is no substitution for innovation. Creativity helps every organization to come up with new ideas that help to create a new product or develop on an already existing product and innovate something. The aspiration to do something, to create something new is a great driver for motivation to work harder. This improves performance by a huge margin and often boosts the overall company performance as a whole. To ensure that the employees are going to work hard, Adobe looks into the fact that their employees are having fun at work. The organization firmly believes in the fact that innovation and creativity can be ushered through relaxation, where pressure is not an issue. Culture is the conglomeration of ideas, customs, beliefs, values and behavior of a particular person or of group as a whole. Adobe, above all encourages the employees to creative and tries to establish a work culture within the company that will itself evoke creativity. It is an observed fact that the companies that take these steps can see higher growth rate as well as better revenue. Adobe is one of the biggest software companies on the planet and also one of the most lucrative places to work at. Creativity has helped the company to stay ahead of its competition simply by making sure their products offer something extra that the other products do not. Adobe believes that creativity is something that should start at the top and should be reflected through the behavior and the working of the senior authorities. The people at the top are expected to lead the way by displaying innovative thinking themselves. If the leaders fail to behave in the companys desired way, the employees would also fall short of their tasks. The leaders in the company are bestowed with the responsibility to unleash the creative capabilities of the employees. KickBox is a unique concept of the company that allows every employee to bring their imaginations and ideas through life using the companys own resources. These are funded by the organization themselves to encourage the employees to develop new ideas. The employees are not expected to submit any proposals for it: they just go ahead with the plans. Adobe has a corporate culture that embraces risk taking rather than shunning it away. Risk aversion is believed to be, by the company, the single biggest threat to innovation. Adobe gives out its employees the signal that they are open to new ideas and new interpretations of existing products so that they are encouraged to take risks. If the risks are worthy, the organization rewards the employees and credit is given elaborately. This is another way through which the company ushers in new ideas for products. The leaders again play a pivotal role here: they have to make the employees understand that risk taking is awarded and not something that would land them in trouble. Apples training program The training and development program of Apple is very well planned and organized. The employees of Apple are treated as one of the key advantages in the departments of the research and development as well as marketing. In order to attract and retain skilled and competent employees the Apple Inc. provides effective training and development program (Shafie, Siti-Nabiha and Tan 2014). These employees will improve the ability and benefit of the company. To meet its transformational challenges, the company needs to train new and current staffs. The ways in which the employees learn and achieve reflect as well as transform how the company does its business. Thus, they engage the employees to work responsively and improve the products. On the other hand, they raise awareness about the employees rights. To Apple it is not enough only to find and correct problems. Apples training programs are specially designed to educate employers about laws, rights, health and safety of the workers as well as suppliers (Cornelissen and Cornelissen 2017). Verit and the Fair Labor Association two organizations recognized internationally, dedicated to human rights have worked with Apple to figure out the quality of the companys social responsibility training. It shows that the knowledge and awareness of the rights of the employees has been increased through Apples mandated training. They train supervisors and managers on their responsibilities, direct hire processes and even onsite management of foreign workers. Supplier Employee Education and Development (SEED) program has been launched by Apple to enhance professional development opportunities. Here, the classes on finance, computer skills, and the English language are offered. The company also made a partnership with Chinese universities to allow workers to achieve associate degrees. Over 60,000 workers participated in their first pilot program in 2011 and came up with higher morale are promoted more often than other employees (Myers and Fellow 2014). Their final suppliers have onsite e-learning centers. In order to follow up and compute the employees performance Apple audits. In 2011 the company conducted training sessions to prevent underage labor. This year, no cases of underage labor could be found in their audits. While the organization is encouraged by these results, Apple claims that they will continue regular audits and go deeper into their supply chain to ensure that there are no underage workers at any Apple supplier (Asgary and Li 2016). The company has decided to continue regular audits to ensure that there are no underage workers at any Apple supplier. Apple has made their training and development program intensively dedicated in order to bring out and sustain the competitive advantage. Apple frequently produces new products like computers, music devices, media sales, and telephones that require skill in completely different industries. Therefore, the expertise of its employees needs to change faster than at almost any other tech firm. Apple feels that the employees must be self-reliant. The reason behind it is that in a fast-changing environment, employee self-reliance gets weaken for providing target competencies and prescribing training. In order to develop the required skills, the employees need to learn continuously which employee ownership of development encourages. Instead of giving training how to sell a product, the employees are empowered which will shape them according to the companys requirement as well as the customers. Apples team environment helps to build cohesion within team. The cohesion strengthens when the different development teams work competitively. This healthy competition helps in their development and they learn from each other. Apples effective training and development programs motivate and encourage innovation and creativity of the employees. Apple has compensation policies and packages which is structured and prepared by a committee. The compensation committee prepares, review, and modify the incentive programs and policies. The board set the committee members and empower them to take external or internal counseling, advice and ask for any employee. Apple provides very good benefits like health and life insurance, Short- and long-term disability coverage, flexible Spending Accounts, disability coverage and employee stock exchange plans. As found in the official website of Apple, the company has built plenty of flexibility for the employees and their families. Apples executive compensation aims to attract and retain the executives with genius, creativity and entrepreneurial skill. To the company, the employees are their assets. It is the executives who are responsible to transform the company and bring success in the international market. The Compensation Committee examines the compensation program and determines the compensation for the executives. The distributes annual performance-based cash bonus program for the employees and follows pay system based on performance. Every executive is awarded with cash bonus equal to 100% of his basic salary. The compensation committee compensates fairly and adequately. In todays weak economy, Apple has taken advantage of job demand and provided a good ambience to work. It faces no difficulty to replace the employees who have resigned. Apple maintains a healthy work culture that helps the company to flourish and prosper internationally. Conclusion From the above discussion and a good look into the cases of the three organizations, it can firmly have concluded that organizational culture does help an organization to be successful. Organizational culture has been seen to be one of the most important aspects of business running which can make pivotal differences between a successful organization and one that is not. A strong work culture is something that would enable companies to make its strategies in a way that would help them to achieve the collective organizational goals and would also enable to establish a strong sense of bond within the company as well. A strong organizational culture makes sure that the environment within the company is cordial and a homely atmosphere prevails. This is one of the most important things to make the employees feel relaxed, enabling them to work even better. The companies with a good organizational culture makes the employees feel welcomed and an integral part of the company. 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